Phytochemical Estimation and Therapeutic Amelioration of Aesculus hippocastanum L. Seeds Ethanolic Extract in Gastric Ulcer in Rats Possibly by Inhibiting Prostaglandin Synthesis.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify phytochemicals using liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (LCMS) analysis and explore the therapeutic effect of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (AH) seeds ethanolic extract against gastric ulcers in rats. METHODS: Preliminary phytochemical testing and LCMS analysis were performed according to standard methods. For treatment, the animals were divided into 7 groups including normal control, ulcer control, self-healing, AH seeds low and high doses, ranitidine and per se groups. Rats were orally administered with 10 mg/kg of indomethacin, excluding the normal control group (which received 1% carboxy methyl cellulose) and the per se group (received 200 mg/kg AH seeds extract). The test group rats were then given 2 doses of AH seeds extract (100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively), while the standard group was given ranitidine (50 mg/kg). On the 11th day, rats in all groups were sacrificed, and their stomach was isolated to calculate the ulcer index, and other parameters such as blood prostaglandin (PGE2), tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH). All isolated stomach tissues were analyzed for histopathological findings. RESULTS: The phytochemical examination shows that the AH seeds contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic components, and glycosides. LCMS analysis confirms the presence of quercetin and rutin. The AH seeds extract showed significant improvement in gastric mucosa conditions after indomethacin-induced gastric lesions (P<0.01). Further marked improvement in blood PGE2 and antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT, MDA and GSH, were observed compared with self-healing and untreated ulcer-induced groups (P<0.01). Histopathology results confirmed that AH seeds extract improved the mucosal layer and gastric epithelial membrane in treated groups compared to untreated ulcer-induced groups. CONCLUSIONS: LCMS report confirms the presence of quercetin and rutin in AH seeds ethanolic extract. The therapeutic effect of AH seeds extract against indomethacin-induced ulcer in rat model indicated the regenerated membrane integrity, with improved cellular functions and mucus thickness. Further, improved antioxidant enzyme level would help to reduce PGE2 biosynthesis.

Neuroinflammation: A Potential Risk for Dementia.

Dementia is a neurodegenerative condition that is considered a major factor contributing to cognitive decline that reduces independent function. Pathophysiological pathways are not well defined for neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia; however, published evidence has shown the role of numerous inflammatory processes in the brain contributing toward their pathology. Microglia of the central nervous system (CNS) are the principal components of the brain's immune defence system and can detect harmful or external pathogens. When stimulated, the cells trigger neuroinflammatory responses by releasing proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and nitrogen species in order to preserve the cell's microenvironment. These proinflammatory markers include cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα chemokines such as CCR3 and CCL2 and CCR5. Microglial cells may produce a prolonged inflammatory response that, in some circumstances, is indicated in the promotion of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review is focused on the involvement of microglial cell activation throughout neurodegenerative conditions and the link between neuroinflammatory processes and dementia.

Gastroprotective effect of Hyssopus officinalis L. leaves via reduction of oxidative stress in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in experimental rats.

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world affecting lives of millions of people. Hyssopus officinalis L. have been used as carminative and antispasmodic stomachic in Iran and Indian traditional systems of medicine. Thus, present study was aimed to evaluate gastroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Hyssopus officinalis L. leaves (EEHO) in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in experimental rats. Female Sprague Dawley rats of groups I, II, III, IV, V, and VI received orally 1 mL/kg/day 1% CMC (carboxy methylcellulose), 1 mL/kg/day 1% CMC, 250 mg EEHO/kg/day, 500 mg EEHO/kg/day, 50 mg ranitidine/kg/day and 500 mg EEHO/kg/day respectively for 10 days. Then, all the groups except groups I and VI were orally administered with 20 mg indomethacin/kg b.wt on 11th day. Ulcer index and mucus barrier were determined. Antioxidant parameters thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione-reduced (GSH), catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated. Stomach was examined for histopathology also. EEHO in groups III and IV significantly (p < 0.01) increased the mucus barrier, SOD, GSH, and catalase while significantly (p < 0.01) decreased the ulcer index and TBARS as compared to ulcer control group II. Histopathological findings showed that indomethacin administration in group II caused PUD (gastric ulcer) and the gastric ulcer was protected by pretreatment with EEHO in groups III and IV. Thus, EEHO possesses gastroprotective activity where the gastroprotection is by strengthening of the gastric mucosa and reduction of oxidative stress. The gastroprotective activity of EEHO was comparable to that of standard drug ranitidine.

Current Pharmacological Trends on Myricetin.

Myricetin is a member of the group of flavonoids called flavonols. Myricetin is obtained from various fruit, vegetables, tea, berries and red wine. Myricetin is characterized by the pysrogallol B-ring, and the more hydroxylated structure is known to be capable for its increased biological properties compared with other flavonols. Myricetin is produced by the Myricaceae, Anacardiaceae, Polygonaceae, Pinaceae and Primulacea families. It is soluble in organic solvent such as ethanol, DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), and dimethyl formamide (DMF). It is sparingly soluble in aqueous buffers. Myricetin shows its various pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-amyloidogenic, antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-epileptic and anti-ulcer. This review article focuses on pharmacological effects of Myricetin on different diseases such as osteoporotic disorder, anti-inflammatory disorder, alzheimer's disease, anti-epileptic, cancer, cardiac disorder, diabetic metabolic disorder, hepatoprotective disorder and gastro protective disorder.

A Comprehensive Review on Physiological Effects of Curcumin.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn) is an herbal medicine which is traditionally used as a spice, food colouring or flavouring agent and widely used for several diseases such as biliary disorders, cough, hepatic disorders, rheumatism, wound healing, sinusitis, diabetes, cardiac disorders and neurological disorder. It belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. Turmeric is a popular domicile remedy used in Indian food, is mainly a native of south-east Asia, is widely cultivated in India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, China, Jamaica , Peru, Haiti and Taiwan and it is very less expensive. Curcumin is the main principle of turmeric. Curcumin has shown various biological properties pre-clinically and clinically. Curcumin is a highly pleiotropic molecule which can be modulators of various intracellular signalling pathways that maintain cell growth. It has been reported as anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, wound healing, anti-cancer, anti-Alzheimer and anti-arthritis and possesses an excellent safety profile. All previous review articles on curcumin have collected the biological/pharmacological activities but this review article summarises the most interesting in vitro and in vivo studies of curcumin on most running diseases around the whole world.

A Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Recapitulation on Hamelia patens.

The world health organization reports that 80% of the population living within the developing countries depends basically on traditional medicine for his or her primary health care. Quite half the entire world's population still depends entirely on plants for medicines, and plants provides the active ingredients to the most traditional medical products. Hamelia patens that belong to the family Rubiaceae, is mainly found in tropical and sub-tropical areas. It is used in folk medicine against a wide range of diseases such as athlete's foot, skin problems, insect sting, psychiatric disorder, rheumatism, headache, asthma, dysentery, menses, ovarian and uterine disorders. Hamelia consists of an important bioactive constituent such as oxindole alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic content. Due to the presence of chlorogenic acid and epicatechin constituent in the methanolic extract of Hamelia patens, there is a noticeable anti-hyperglycemic activity as well as it possesses antioxidant activity. Acute and sub-acute toxicity study has been performed on Hamelia patens which shows that it is safe and can be used for humans. Against fungi and bacteria, the ethanol leaf extract of Hamelia has a maximum inhibitory effect. The plant has various therapeutic effects like anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diarrheal, anthelmintic, antidepressant, hepatoprotective, antiurolithiatic, diuretic, wound healing, and many others. In this article, we have discussed chemical constituent, pharmacological activity and traditional use of Hamelia patens.

Quality Control Standardization and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Daruhaldi (Berberis aristata DC) Stem Bark.

Berberis aristata is used for the treatment of diabetes, piles, and liver diseases. As the drug is broadly used in Indigenous systems of medicine, it was designed to set the quality standards and antimicrobial potential for the stem bark of Berberis aristata. Botanical, physicochemical, pharmacotoxicological, fluorescence, microbial load, and phytochemical parameters of the stem bark were determined. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was carried out by the CAMAG-HPTLC system. Berberine, total phenolics, and flavonoids were estimated. The antimicrobial potential was determined against the bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and fungi Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus terreus. The foreign matter, foaming index, swelling index, bitterness value, resin content, loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, heavy metals, microbial load, berberine content, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content were found to be 0, 0, 5, 1.34, 0.86%, 2.07%, 4.33%, 0.28%, 2.66%, within limits, 6 colonies in 1/100 dilution, 0.032 mg/g, 144.04 µg/ml, and 85.61 µg/ml, respectively. Phytochemicals such as phenolics, flavonoids, and sterols were present in the methanolic extract. The fluorescences observed in UV light were of different colors in different solvents. The methanolic extract and standards exhibited antimicrobial activity at the tested concentrations against the microbial strains. Results confirmed the quality and purity of the drug B. aristata. Results also confirmed that methanolic extract of B. aristata stem bark possesses potent antimicrobial activity. Thus, the use of this quality-controlled plant-derived drug with established antimicrobial property could be of great significance in quality-control standardization and preventive and therapeutic approaches to infectious diseases.

Augmented Reversal of Cisplatin-Induced Delayed Gastric Emptying by Amla (Emblica Officinalis) Fruit Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

Despite the availability of effective antiemetics, control of acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is often suboptimal and there is need of an inexpensive and safer alternative. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of Emblica officinalis Gaertn (Euphorbiaceae) fruit extract (EEEO) on cisplatin-induced delayed gastric emptying in Sprague-Dawley rats so that Emblica officinalis can be clarified for its application in CINV as a potential candidate. Groups I, II, III, IV, and V rats were pretreated orally with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, 1 mL/kg), 1% CMC (1 mL/kg), EEEO (250 mg/kg), EEEO (500 mg/kg), and ondansetron (3 mg/kg), respectively, for 5 consecutive days. Then, Group I rats received 0.1 mL of normal saline and Groups II-V rats received 10 mg/kg body weight of cisplatin intraperitoneally. Immediately after that, a test meal (1.5 mL/rat) was administered to each group, and after 30 minutes, rats were euthanized to evaluate the percentage of gastric emptying. EEEO at the specified doses reversed the cisplatin-induced delayed gastric emptying. EEEO (500 mg/kg body weight) pretreatment for 5 days before cisplatin challenge in Group IV rats significantly (p < .05) increased gastric emptying to 74.25% ± 7.19%. Reversal of cisplatin-induced delay in gastric emptying by EEEO (500 mg/kg body weight) in Group IV was significantly (p < .05) comparable to that of the ondansetron treated Group V. EEEO possesses the property to reverse the cisplatin-induced delayed gastric emptying and can be used as an antiemetic for the prevention of CINV.

Protective effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Salvia haematodes Wall root on cognitive functions in scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats.

Diminished cholinergic transmission may be responsible for development of amnesia. Hence, the present study was undertaken to investigate the possible protective effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Salvia haematodes Wall root (HESH) on cognitive functions in scopolamine-induced amnesia in adult Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were divided randomly into five groups each consisting of five rats (n = 5). Rats of the groups I, II, III, IV, and V received orally normal saline (10 ml/kg b. wt.), normal saline (10 ml/kg), standard drug rivastigmine (1.5 mg/kg), HESH (20 mg/kg), and HESH (40 mg/kg), respectively once a day for fourteen days. Then, they were subjected to single dose of scopolamine (1 mg/kg b. wt. ip) except in group I on fourteenth day 60 min after respective normal saline or drug administration. They were observed for the effects on step down latency (SDL), locomotor activity and brain AChE activity for the learning and memory. The acquisition SDL, retention SDL and locomotor activity were significantly (p < 0.01) decreased while AChE activity was significantly (p < 0.01) increased in scopolamine-treated group II as compared to normal control group I. The acquisition SDL, retention SDL and locomotor activity were significantly (p < 0.01) increased while, AChE activity was significantly (p < 0.01) decreased with all the doses of HESH and in rivastigmine-treated group as compared to scopolamine-treated group II. Hydro-alcoholic extract of S haematodes root possesses protective effect on cognitive functions and may prove to be a useful memory restorative agent in the management of cognitive dysfunctions as in amnesia and Alzheimer's diseases.

Effect of Nigella sativa L. seed extract on cisplatin-induced delay in gastric emptying in Sprague-Dawley rats.

The aim of this study was focused on investigating the possible protective effect of Nigella sativa L. seed extract against cisplatin-induced delay in gastric emptying, in a rat model. Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five equal groups as follows: Group I or control group, Group II (cisplatin 10 mg/kg, i.p at day 5), Group III (N. sativa L. 250 mg/kg for 5 days + cisplatin 10 mg/kg, i.p on day 5), Group IV (N. sativa L. 500 mg/kg for 5 days + cisplatin 10 mg/kg, i.p on day 5) and Group V (ondansetron 3 mg/kg/day, per os + cisplatin 10 mg/kg, i.p on day 5). Phenol red meal was adopted to estimate gastric emptying in different groups of the rats. Gastric emptying was significantly increased (p < 0.01) in N. sativa L. seed extract-pretreated rats (Group III and Group IV) when compared to cisplatin treatment alone (Group II). However, ondansetron produced significantly (p < 0.01) better reversal than N. sativa L. seed extract.

Hepatoprotective effect of Anacyclus pyrethrum Linn. against antitubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats.

BACKGROUND: Traditional remedies employ herbal drugs for the treatment of liver ailments and hepatoprotection. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of "extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum Linn" (APE) against antitubercular drug-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. METHODS: Group I rats (normal control) received vehicle (1 % CMC), while group II rats (hepatotoxic control) isoniazid (INH) plus rifampicin (RIF) each 50 mg/kg/day po, for 28 days. Group III, IV and V rats were administered with APE 200, APE 400 and silymarin 100 mg/kg/day po, respectively, for 28 days. Concurrently, hepatotoxicity was tried to induce by coadministration of INH and RIF each 50 mg/kg/day po for 28 days in group III, IV and V rats. After 24 h of the last dosing, blood was obtained under light anesthesia and the rats were killed. Hepatoprotective effect was assessed by liver weight, relative liver weight and biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum bilirubin, cholesterol, total protein and albumin levels. RESULTS: Group IV rats showed significant (p<0.01) decrease in SGPT, SGOT, ALP, LDH, cholesterol, serum bilirubin, liver weight and relative liver weight Levels, while significant (p<0.01) increase in final body weight (b. wt.), total protein and albumin levels as compared to group II rats. Hepatoprotective effect of APE 400 mg/kg/day was comparable to that of silymarin 100 mg/kg/day and the hepatic marker levels were also restored. Hepatoprotective effect of APE was well supported by the histopathological results. CONCLUSIONS: Hydroalcoholic APE root possesses hepatoprotective activity as it exhibited the protective effect against INH plus RIF-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.